【长寿人文】朱熹与长寿的渊源｜谯定再传一弟子
<!----><style type="text/css">html{font-size:375%}</style><link href="https://pic.app.hicsq.com/static/publish/css/style.css?v=1605251010487" rel="stylesheet" position="1" data-qf-origin="/static/publish/css/style.css?v=1605251010487"><div class="preview_article "> <!----> <section data-role="outer" label="Powered by 135editor.com"><section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="89069" style="outline: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; visibility: visible; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box !important;" class="_135editor"><section style="margin: 10px auto; padding: 1.5em; outline: 0px; background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3) 0px 1px 4px, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 0px 0px 40px inset; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><p style="vertical-align: inherit; outline: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; text-align: center; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;" align="center"></p><section style="outline: 0px; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(178, 178, 178); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: left; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;">■</span>谯定、㬊渊讲学处㬊子山</span></section><p style="vertical-align: inherit; outline: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; line-height: normal; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;" align="justify"><br></p><p style="vertical-align: inherit; outline: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(109, 109, 109); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> 朱熹的四位老师，除刘子翚少承家学外，其他三位老师都是传承的程颐、程颢之学。</span></p><p style="vertical-align: inherit; outline: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(109, 109, 109); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> 不过，这三位老师向朱熹传承程颐、程颢之学，却经过了两条路径。一条路径是经李侗上承罗从彦，再上承程颐、程颢的嫡传弟子杨时(号龟山)，按照这个路径，朱熹为程颐、程颢的四传弟子。另外一条路径，是经胡宪、刘勉之上承程颐嫡传弟子谯定，按照这个路径，则朱熹为程颐、程颢的三传弟子。</span></p><p style="vertical-align: inherit; outline: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(109, 109, 109); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> 第一条路径，由于程颢曾经对程门立雪的杨时有“吾道南矣”的期待，且杨时同时又受教于程颐，因而往往被看作是二程学术的正脉。第二条路径，由于谯定擅长易学，并协助程颐在涪州完成《周易程氏传》，而《周易》居六经之首，也是理学的核心，因而被看作朱熹理学不可或缺的重要源头。</span></p><p style="vertical-align: inherit; outline: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(109, 109, 109); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> 按照第二条路径看，胡宪、刘勉之皆曾经拜师于谯定，朱熹理应是谯定的再传弟子。</span></p><p style="vertical-align: inherit; outline: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(109, 109, 109); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> 《宋史·谯定传》载：“定《易》学得之程颐，授之胡宪、刘勉之，而冯时行、张行成则得定之余意者也”。可见，胡宪、刘勉之，是谯定易学的主要传承人。</span></p><p style="vertical-align: inherit; outline: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(109, 109, 109); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> 然而，胡宪、刘勉之又是如何向谯定学易的呢?</span></p><p style="vertical-align: inherit; outline: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(109, 109, 109); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> 《宋史·胡宪传》载：</span></p><p style="vertical-align: inherit; outline: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(109, 109, 109); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> 绍兴(当作绍圣)中，以乡贡入太学。会伊洛学有禁，宪独阴与刘勉之诵习其说。既而学《易》于谯定，久未有得，定曰：“心为物渍，故不能有见，唯学乃可明耳。”宪喟然叹曰：“所谓学者，非克己工夫耶？”自是一意下学，不求人知。</span></p><p style="vertical-align: inherit; outline: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(109, 109, 109); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> 《宋史·刘勉之传》则载:</span></p><p style="vertical-align: inherit; outline: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(109, 109, 109); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> 逾冠，以乡举诣太学。时蔡京用事，禁止毋得挟元祐书，自是伊洛之学不行。勉之求得其书，每深夜，同舍生皆寐，乃潜抄而默诵之。谯定至京师，勉之闻其从程颐游，邃《易》学，遂师事之。</span></p><p style="vertical-align: inherit; outline: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(109, 109, 109); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> 这两段史料，记载了胡宪、刘勉之向谯定学易的时代背景和求学过</span></p><p style="vertical-align: inherit; outline: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(109, 109, 109); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;">程。宋哲宗赵煦绍圣(1094年4月-1098年5月)年间，力挺王安石变法</span></p><p style="vertical-align: inherit; outline: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(109, 109, 109); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;">的新党人物蔡京当政，对反对变法的旧党程颐进行打压，并禁止程颐、程颢为代表的伊洛之学传播。程颐后来被贬到涪州管制，回到北方后依然不得志，只好隐居于老家，最后郁郁而终，门人连送葬都不敢。胡宪、刘勉之入太学之时，正逢伊洛之学遭禁，鉴于当时的政治气候，只能“潜抄而默诵之”。后来谯定到京师，二人听说谯定曾经从程颐游学，且精通易学，于是拜谯定为师。而谯定对两位弟子也精心指导，使他们最终成为易学的正宗传人。</span></p><p style="vertical-align: inherit; outline: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(109, 109, 109); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> 程颐曾经讲：“易学在蜀”，而谯定正是宋代四川易学的集大成者。易学历来有象数易学和义理易学之分，学者往往各有擅长而难兼善。而谯定早年随郭曩氏研习象数，后随程颐研习义理，是罕见的象数与义理同时精通的易学大宗师。这正是胡宪、刘勉之不得不从学谯定，朱熹不得不师法谯定的原因所在。</span></p><p style="vertical-align: inherit; outline: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(109, 109, 109); visibility: visible; box-sizing: border-box !important;"> 朱熹长期从胡宪、刘勉之问学，谯定易学自然在学习之列。尽管朱熹晚年对谯定提出的学易方法，颇有微词，甚至不满，但并不影响朱熹吸纳谯定易学的合理成分。从师承系统上看，朱熹确系谯定的再传弟子。朱熹易学既重义理，又吸收象数，就与谯定学风相近，这正是来自谯定易学的影响。朱喜还对谯定的另一再传弟子、四川井研学者李舜臣(冯时行之弟子)的《易本传》(佚)有所吸取，从中亦可反映出朱熹与谯定之间的学术渊源。</span></p></section></section><section style="outline: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; text-align: center; line-height: normal; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><br style="outline: 0px; box-sizing: border-box !important;"></section><section style="outline: 0px; color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.544px; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box !important;"><span style="outline: 0px; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(178, 178, 178); box-sizing: border-box !important;">| 来源：《乐游长寿》杂志</span></section><section class="_135editor" data-role="paragraph"><p style="vertical-align:inherit;"><br></p></section></section> <!----></div><!----> 多挖掘一点承受的更多渊源
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